"The attitude of the Jews
toward the Bolsheviks is regarded among the Polish
populace as quite positive.It is generally believed that
the Jews betrayed Poland and the Poles, that they are
basically communists, that they crossed over to the
Bolsheviks with flags unfurled. In fact, in most cities
the Jews greeted the Bolsheviks with baskets of red
roses, with submissive declarations and speeches, etc.,
etc.

Certainly it is so that Jewish communists adopted an
enthusiastic stance toward the Bolsheviks, regardless of
the social class from which they came. The Jewish
proletariat, small merchants, artisans, and all those
whose position has at present been improved structurally
and who had formerly been exposed primarily to
oppression, indignities, excesses, etc., from the Polish
element - all of these responded positively, if not
enthusiastically, to the new regime.

Their attitude seems
to me quite understandable. However, there are worse
cases, where they . . . denounce the Poles,
Polish nationalist students, and Polish political
figures, when they direct the work of the Bolshevik
police force from behind their desks or are members of
the police force, when they falsely defame the
relations...in former Poland.

Unfortunately it is
necessary to state that such incidents are quite common,
more common than incidents which reveal loyalty toward
Poles or sentiment toward Poland.

In contrast, I have the
impression that the intelligentsia, the wealthiest Jews
and those of the highest level of culture (with, of
course, certain exceptions and not counting the
pretenders), rather think of Poland often with a certain
fondness and would happily greet a change in the present
situation (leading to) the independence of Poland
. . .

In principle, however, the Jews have
created here a situation in which the Poles regard them
as devoted to the Bolsheviks and -one can safely say -
wait for the moment when they will be able simply to take
revenge upon the Jews. Virtually all Poles are bitter and
disappointed in relation to the Jews; the overwhelming
majority (first among them of course the youth) literally
look forward to an opportunity for 'repayment in blood' "

(“Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR,
1939-46.” Edited by Norman Davies and Antony Polonsky
[sic]. Macmillan. Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire, 1991. 265-267.)