Decoding the SS and Police Messages (PoliceDecodes)

German
SS and Police Unit Radio Messages in British
Archives

Notes extracted from the Newly Released files of German SS and Police
Intercepts deciphered by British codebreakers.

[Notes made by David Irving during research for the second volume of his Churchill’s
War.

IN THE Public Record Office in London (PRO) are now housed the records of the former Police section at Bletchley Park, where British codebreakers had begun reading the German SS and police messages even before
WWII.

The police section amassed thousands of intercepts of police units on the eastern front, police headquarters in Germany, and concentration camp commandants reporting to Berlin.

It is worth noting, as the late
Professor Sir Frank Hinsley the official historian points out, that nowhere in these myriads of (top secret, enciphered) messages is there any reference to gas chambers or gassings. ‘The returns from
Auschwitz, the largest of the camps with 20,000 prisoners, mentioned illness as the main cause of death, but included references to shootings and hangings.

There were no references in the decrypts to gassing.’ [Hinsley et al.,
British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its
Influence on Strategy and Operations, Cambridge, 1979
– 84, 3 vols., vol. ii, appendix, page 673.]

See too the Dec 1, 1941 intercepts posted elsewhere here.

November 16, 1996

From Dr John P. Fox

Sir, Professor Richard Breitman’s achievement in winkling out of The United States Government of the transcripts of the telegraphic reports of The Nazi
Einsatzgruppen killer squads in Russia in 1941 (report,
“Britain knew Jews were being killed ‘before Auschwitz’ “) is to be applauded.

However, it should be recalled that in 1981 Professor
F. H. Hinsley revealed that the British intelligence Enigma decrypts of German telegraphic traffic also included German police and security reports of their mass killing of Jew’s in Russia and the
Ukraine in the autumn of 1941.

Summaries of those decrypts were submitted to Winston
Churchill on a regular basis and these were eventually made available for public inspection at the Public Record Office,
Kew, in November 1993. Three years ago my efforts to have transcripts of the decrypts themselves made available at Kew proved abortive.

In view of Professor Breitman’s success in Washington, and of the nonsense that this makes of Britain’s unwillingness or inability to release the British holdings of these documents, I have now written to the Prime Minister asking for their release.

Yours etc. JOHN P. FOX
(Lecturer in Jewish history), Jews’ College,
44a Albert Road, NW4.

WHAT
IS surprising is that although every minute detail of
SS and concentration camp operations is mirrored in these thousands of messages, preserved either in the original
German, or in English translation (and sometimes in both) there is no reference whatever to mass killing operations by gas or any other method in the camps.

Every other conceivable detail is however reflected in the signals, including a signal to Auschwitz commandant S.S.
Sturmbannführer Rudolf
Höss in September 1942 regretting that rubber truncheons are ‘unobtainable in Breslau.’

[GC&CS German Police report No. 41, 1942, Oct 5,
1942 (PRO file HW.16/6, part ii).]

Bletchley Park historians recalled the German code weaknesses and security lapses, always the same addresses at the beginning, e.g. ‘An den Befehlshaber der
Ordnungspolizei in Frankfurt am Main’ which ‘made the cryptographer’s life a happy one.’ Indications of internal disintegration in Germany were disappointingly few.
Interception of low-frequency traffic was much easier in
France.

On the evening of May 9, 1940 there was decoded the urgent German summons to prevent a high official from crossing into Holland; this was the only hint of GELB from this source. Work did not then resume until August
1940 at BP. Berlin began to jump on security breaches, like messages exceeding the maximum permitted 180 letters and easy standard cribs, like a daily report on the rise and fall of the Elbe.

For the BARBAROSSA traffic a separate key and new frequencies were instituted; in August 1941 two sets of keys in the East were introduced for each day. Even so they got 30 to 100 decodes a day, with forty staff working on the task.

On September 13, 1941 Kurt Daluege, Chef der
Ordnungspolizei, sent the following message to the
HSSuPf of the forces in Russia,

‘The danger of decipherment by the enemy of
wireless messages is great. For this reason only such
matters are to be transmitted by wireless as can be
considered open [groups missed]. Confidential or
Secret, but not information which is containing State
secrets, calls for especially secret treatment. Into this
category fall exact figures of executions (these are to
be sent by Courier) ‘

The scale of these executions was ‘a clear indication of the utter ruthlessness of the Germans in Russia.’ The
GC&CS report adds,

‘The anxiety may have been increased by a speech
by the Prime Minister drawing the attention of the world
to this carnage. In any case the German authorities
evidently demanded more drastic steps still, and these
culminated in a complete change of cypher in
mid-September. Double transposition [a
straightforward system, and relatively simple to
break] was dropped (never to appear to again) and
Double Playfair took its place.’

The result was the reverse of what the Germans had intended, because if they had retained Double Transposition with still further splitting up of keys it would soon have put BP out of business, Double Playfair quickly proved to be a most breakable cypher, and it became the exception to fail to break a day.

From the spring of 1942 the Russians began providing high quality raw intercepts; in return BP provided decrypts and daily keys until December — they say — when liaison unfortunately broke down and nothing more was received. Throughout the winter of 1942 German police traffic was one of the few sources providing information from the eastern front, but in November the German police, nervous again about security, introduced their next major cypher alteration.

By February 1943 however the section was again up to four to five hundred decodes a week. BP now had five hundred people, including those at the ‘Y’ stations dedicated to this task, working on the Police codes. Things got easy in July 1944 when the Police Flying Squadron in
Poland sent in a standard daily report. But

on September 1,
1944, the Germans introduced the new raster cypher, the best hand-cypher they had ever devised; the time-lag now increased from twenty-four hours to a week or more. ‘The content of the messages was, naturally, of increasing interest and provides as a whole a singular picture of the last days of the Nazi reigime and of its individual leaders.

For this reason cryptographic work was continued long after
VE-day (no police-keys were ever captured) ‘ [GC&CS,
‘History of the German Police Section, 1939–45’ in PRO file
HW.3/155.]

On September 2, 1941 Churchill is shown a brief report from
Nigel de Grey on ‘German Police,’ a report to Himmler dated
August 26, 1941 :

‘A report from the Berditschew Korosten area
mentions that the Russians are still retiring and burning
the villages. Prisoners taken number 47, Jews shot 1246,
losses nil.’

Churchill rings the ‘1,246’ in red ink. [PRO file HW.1/40] On October 13, 1941 Churchill read a summary which included German police messages analysed by Nigel de
Grey two days earlier:

‘On 26/9 arrangements were being made for a 3 or
4 day visit by Himmler to the Southern Area of the
Russian front. Places to be visited were Shitomir,
Berditschew (where the dwellings etc. of the German
colonies were the attraction. Dept Note .:
It will be remembered that the Russians were reported to
have removed the German population to Siberia.) Thence to
Kiew, if possible to Uman, then Krivoi-Rog, Nikolaiew and
possibly Cherson.

He was accompanied by his fleet of cars
including his wireless car. ‘On 13/9 the 3 officers
commanding on the North, Centre and South Russian Front
were reminded that the danger of their messages being
decoded was great. Among other secret matters that should
not be sent by wireless was the number of executions
carried out.’

signed, de G/11.10.41. [[Nigel] de
G[rey], ‘German Police,’ Oct 11, 1941, in PRO file
HW.1/135.] Churchill lined both the latter sentences in red ink. De Grey reported on October 17, 1941 , –
Churchill ticked this para in margin on Oct 18 —

‘A touch of somewhat macabre humour emerges from
the warning recently issued to Senior Officers that
executions were not to be reported by W/T. The order has
been variously interpreted — some report “Action
according to the usages or war”, while others report that
so many partisans are “dead” — as distinct from “shot”.’

He later added that ‘There has been noted a pretty consistent demand for Anti-typhoid lymph in the eastern areas for the inoculation of Police units. It is difficult to know whether these demands in any way exceed the normal, given the conditions occasioned by war.’ [GC&CS
German Police Section, [Nigel] de G[rey],
‘German Police, Oct 17, 1941 (PRO file HW.1/148).]

PRO work Friday, December 10, 1999

File
HW16/32, GPS [Bletchley Park, German Police
Section] Nos. [sic] July – December 1941
[about 1,000 pages of tattered, original flimsy
German-language decodes]:-

No. 386, Oct 14, 1941, p 3 has itinerary of
Himmler, Oct 2 to 5, 1941: Kiev, Nikolaev,
Berditschew, Krivoi Rog.

No. 446, Nov 14, 1941: has Himmler to
Jeckeln, HSSuPf Russland Süd, “Bitte mit aufgefundenem Verminungsplan der Stadt Kiew nach Kowno zu
Reichskommissar Koch zu kommen. Sturmbannführer
Dörner erwartet Sie dort in meinem Auftrag zur
Besprechung mit Reichskommissar Koch. Gezeichnet H.
Himmler.”

No. 411, Oct 29, 1941: message of Oct 11,1941, HSSuPf
Nord reports that heute in Russland angebaute
Kautschukpflanzen mit Samen sichergestellt wurden, suggests transferring same to Kräutergarten KZ Dachau.

No. 490, Dec 13, 1491: decodes of Nov 13, 1941. Item 10,
SS Oberabschnitt Nordsee, Hamburg 13, Firma Tesch Stabenow,
Hamburg 1, Betr Brief Vom 5. Nov. “Erbitte Sofort Nachricht wann Zyklonversand erfolgt ist, und wann mit Teilversand von
Tegas, Athyleno. D und Trito gerechnet werden kann, damit
Dr Tesch, der in Riga Ausbildung …; [corrupt groups ]… sämtliche … sind sehr nötig. Dr
Tesch bittet seine Post hierher zu senden.

Leitender Arzt, bei Höherem SS und Pol.führer Riga.”

[The above of course bears out what
Tesch testified to as to his reason for being in
Riga]

Item 32 in same Report, SPÖ de SPK1, Nr 35, 2200 …
Dessauer Werke für Zyklon und Chemische Zyklon, Dessau.
Abholung von bereitgestellten 700 kg DNO [one word in brackets heavily inked out] durch Flugzeug nur an
Königsberg möglich. Habe Armeeintendanten 15
Vorgeschlagen, Zyklontransport durch Lkw. nach
Königsberg zu veranlassen.

Falls dies nicht möglich, soll er durch Fs. mitteilen, in welche
Königsberg-Adresse Zyklon per Bahnexpress vorzunehmen ist., Erbitte Benachrichtigung über erfolgte Erledigung an: Höherer SS und Pol Führer Ostland, Riga.”

No. 471, Dec 4, 1941, decodes of traffic of Dec 1, 1941: Item 24

(on page 3) reads,

” OEJ de DSQ SSD DSQ Nr 3 1930 2 Tle 175 71 SPK1 3742

SS Obergruppenführer Jeckeln, Höherer SS und
Pol.führer Ostland, Riga. Der Rf SS bittet Sie am
4.12.41 zu einer Besprechung zu ihm. Ich bitte um Angabe, wann Sie hier eintreffen, bezw. mit welchem Verkehrsmittel
Sie kommen (wegen Abholung).

Gez. Grothmann, SS Hauptsturmführer und
Adjutant.”

Immediately following Item 25 reads:

” OEJ de DSQ DSAQ Nr 4 1930 2 Tle 177 75 DSPK1 3742

An Höheren SS und Pol. Führer Ostland,
Riga.

Die in das Gebiet Ostland ausgesiedelten Juden sind nur nach den von mir bezw, [sic] vom
Reichssicherheitshauptamt in meinem Auftrage gegebenen
Richtlinien zu behandeln. Eigenmächtigkeiten und
Zuwiederhandlungen [sic] würde ich bestrafen.
Gez. H. Himmler.”

No. 467, Nov 30, 1941. Decodes of traffic of Nov 20,
1941.

Item 2 is from Bremen to 0800, 3 Tle, “Befehlshaber der
Orpo und SS, Riga. betrifft Judenevakuierung. Transportzug
DO 56 hat am 18.11.41 Bremen in Richtung Minsk mit 971 Juden verlassen. Begleitkdo. Schupo Bremen; Transportführer,
Pol.mstr Bockhorn, ist im Besitz von 2 Namenslisten und
48,700 Rm. in Kass-kreditscheinen. Juden sind mit
Lebensmittel und Gerät gut ausgerüstet. Stapo
Bremen.”

Nov 15: “… SS Obergruppenführer Jeckeln von Kiew nach Riga versetzt…”

No. 515, Dec 25, 1941, traffic dated Nov 17, 1941:

Item 35:

” SPK de DQB SSD Berlin Nr 44 2300 3 Tle 173 169 177
SPK1

Befehlshaber der Sipo Dr Lange in Riga.

Betreffs Evakuierung von Juden. 17.11.41 um 1825 Uhr hat
Transportzug Nr D O 26 Berlin in Richtung Kauen mit 944
Juden verlassen. Transport begleitet von 2 Stapo und 15
Pol.beamte. Transportführer Kriminaloberassessor Exner, der 2-facher Transportliste mit hat. Transport beigefügt an Verpflegung: 3000 Kg. Brot, 2700 Kg. Mehl,
200 Kg. Erbsen, 200 Kg. Nährmittel, 300 Kg.
Hefeflocken, 18 Flaschen Suppenwürze. . . .
[continued in Berlin Nr 45].”

Item 36: ” SPK1 de SPÖ SSD Berlin Nr 45 2300 2 Tle
107 103 SPK1 410 …. 52,5 Kg. Suppenpaste, 100 Pakete …. corrupt groups …. 50 Kg. Salz, 1…. corrupt groups …. 1
….. corrupt groups …… und 47,200 Rm. in
Reichskreditkassenscheinen. Stapoleitstelle Berlin, IV D 1.”

No. 511, Dec 24, 1941, traffic dated Dec 1, 1941:

Item 2: ” DQH de SPK SSD SPK1 Nr 1 0915 2 Tle 107 83 DQHJ
152

SS Führungshauptamt, Berlin. Benötige mit nächster Flugkuriergelegenheit 10 finnische
Militär Pistolen mit je 2 Trommel Magazinen.
Durchführung von Sonderaktionen. Erbitte ft. Antwort.
Höherer SS und Pol.führer Russland Nord.”

CX/MSS/1071/T6. On June 9, 1942 ‘Most Secret,
Chefsache, Nur durch Offizier’ this order was sent by
OKW WFSt Qu Abt. K to Pz Armee Afrika ):

According to reports to hand there are said to
be numerous German political refugees with the Free
French units in Africa. The Führer has ordered that
the severest measures are to be taken against those
concerned.

They are therefore to be mercilessly wiped out
in battle, and in cases where they escape being killed in
battle, a military sentence is to be pronounced
immediately by the nearest German officer and they are to
be shot out of hand, unless they have to be temporarily
retained for Intelligence purposes. This order must not
be forwarded in writing. Commanding officers are to be
told verbally.

This was passed to General Auchinleck at 5:11 p.m., June 12, as MK/6635. Churchill noted next to the final para,
‘C keep for record. WSC 13.vi.’ (OKW WFSt QM dept Kalif (Pz Armee Afrika ), Jun
9, 1942, intercept CX/MSS/1071/T6, dated Jun 12, 1942 (PRO file HW.1/643); original signal is OKW/WFSt/Qu. (Verw.) an
PzArmee Afrika über Dt General b Obdko d Ital.
Wehramcht, 9.6.1942, FRR Fernschreiben, gKdos, Chefs,
NA T313/476/4572.]

On October 26, 1942 the codebreakers found Berlin warning Auschwitz to stand by to receive two visitors from the Führer’s Chancellery in Berlin – the agency supervising euthanasia and various other killing schemes –
for a lengthy stay at the camp: they would be setting up an
X-ray sterilisation operation, the radio signal said (this being the method chosen by the S.S. to keep the Jews from breeding).

(GC&CS German Police Section intercept:
Lolling, Amt D III, to Auschwitz, Oct 26, 1942
(PRO file HW.16/11).]
On October 27, 1942 Sachsenhausen reported that it was shipping to Auschwitz two hundred Soviet prisoners of war found to have contracted tuberculosis. (GC&CS German
Police Section intercept: KL Sachsenhausen (gez.

Liebehenschel) an Amt D III, Oct 27, 1942 (PRO file
HW.16/11).]
After Berlin ordered that all camp fatalities were to be reported, on December 1, 1942 Buchenwald dutifully reported, in their secret code, a total of 134 deaths from natural causes during November including four Jews. (GC&CS German Police Section intercept: KL
Buchenwald (gez.

Hoven) an Amt D III, betr Meldung der
Todesfällen von Häftlingen, Dec 1, 1942
(PRO file HW.16/11).]
On December 8, 1942 Dr Wirths reported twenty-seven male and thirty-six female typhus deaths in Auschwitz during the previous week. (GC&CS German Police Section intercept: KL Auschwitz, signed Dr Wirths, an Amt D III, btr
Stand der Fleckfiebererkrankungen , Dec 8, 1942
(PRO file HW.16/11).]

During early 1943 the intercepts were found to contain with greater frequency the word
Sonderbehandlung, special treatment, which was evidently a thinly veiled reference to the termination of
Germany’s enemies. [Re Sonderbehandlung.]

In one such message on January 17, 1943 the chief of police in Kiev reported laconically, ‘So far 853 screened and 614 special-treated.’ (GC&CS German Police Section intercept GPD1238I/2/4 Jan 18, 1943: BdS Kiew und
Befehlststelle Sipo und SD, Owritsch, to Berlin, Jan
17, 1943 (PRO file HW.16/11).] A month later a report to the same police chief in Kiev after completion of the anti-partisan sweep HORNUNG listed the body count as

‘(a) enemy dead eighty-two, (b) suspects and
special-treated 1,124.’

(GC&CS German Police Section intercept: Bericht an HSSuPf Kiew, Gesamtergebnis Unternehmen Hornung ,
1943 (PRO file HW.16/11).]

‘German Police, 34/42’ signed ACT, July 19, 1942
:

‘Eighty British prisoners
(Häftlinge) suitable for employment as
‘Capos’ are required for the concentration camp at
Auschwitz (Schlesien).’

ACT commented that ‘Capos’ appear to be overseers or foremen selected from among the prisoners themselves. (A signal timed June 23, 1942]. (PRO file
HW.1/761]
The same report states (‘German Police, 34/42’ signed ACT,
July 19, 1942:], ‘A message from Himmler to SS
Gruppenführer Jedicke, Riga, seems to refer to the abiding quarrel between the SS and the
Army.

“Tell the gentlemen,” says Himmler, “that I
shall not stand for any special pleading or explanations
of exceptional cases and the like. Moreover, not another
soldier shall enter Weissruthenien; mastery of the
situation will be gained there too. Do everything to
carry things through vigorously with the forces at your
disposal.”

( July 7, 1942 ). (PRO file HW.1/761).

SS Gruf. Müller to Auschwitz September 10,
1942 , betr Vollzug von Standgerichturteilen.

‘Das von Standgericht Emburg ausgesprochene Todesurteil gegen
Walzendreher Eugen Biren, geboren 6.4.14, ist durch
Erschiessen zu vollziehen.’
Telegram Lolling to Auschwitz, October 26, 1942
, ‘Der Chef des Amtes D III bittet 2 Herren von der
Kanzlei des Führers am Donnerstag den 29.10.1942, 0940
Uhr, vom Bahnhof Mylowitz abzuholen, und für längere Zeit im Lager unterzubringen. Es handelt sich um die Röntgensterilisation, die nunmehr anlaufen soll.

Gleichzeitig wird der Scharführer OLTM als erster SDG im KL.AU bestätigt.’
Auschwitz, November 9, 1942 , signed Dr Wirths, to
Amt D III, btr Stand der Fleckfiebererkrankungen am
9.11.1942 ; four SS men with Fleckfieber, seit
2.11.92 in der Res Laz.,Kattowitz eingewiesen; im
Männer KZ 37 Fleckfieberverdachtsfälle, im Frauen
KZ 51 Verdachtsfälle .

Very few deaths, one man, eight women Abgänge durch Tod.

(In a PRO file HW16/9, ‘German police reports, unnumbered’ are the following:] Report dated November
24, 1942 , on Police Battalions, their movements, by number, 1 through 325. Report on Police Regiments
Interrogation of SS Hauptscharführer
Robert Barth, Austrian.

Was member of
Einsatzgruppe D in Russia from June 1941.

[Another report from Auschwitz, November 9, 1942,
to Amt D III, btr Fleckfiebererkrankungen ]
December 8, 1942 : seit 1.12.42 27 Tote im
Männerlager, 36 im Frauenlager.
On October 27, 1942 KL Sachsenhausen reported
Überstellung von 200 am Tbc erkrankten sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen dem KL Auschwitz.

gez
Liebehenschel.

The PRO file HW.16/11, Extracts from
Decodes, German Police Section contains flimsy original typed copies in German of intercepted signals from ten concentration camps to Amt D III (Glücks) and from eastern front police units e.g.

Sonderkommando
Bragin, engaged in Bandenbekämpfung, with typical entries relating to such operations, weapons found,
Banditen, Cetniks, hostages shot, etc., executions of
‘83 aus politischem Sektor’ ; a series of reports of prisoners including individually named Jews (e.g.

Hermann Israel Dingfelder) being shot August – September
1942 bei Fluchtversuch aus dem Lager
Flossenbürg. Also a report dated December 1,
1942 from Buchenwald to Amt D III, betr Meldung der Todesfällen von Häftlingen, im November
1942, listing those of naturliche
Todesursache , 134 altogether, including 4 Jews (gez.

Hoven).
Fahrgenehmigung signed by Liebehenschel for
Lkw for Exekution von 3 polnischen Zivilarbeitern in
Flossenbürg.

January 18, 1943 GPD1238I/2/4: DRE9 Nr.6 1630 172 SQO
ES 2
Ab BdS KIEW und Befehlststelle Sipo und SD,
OWRUTSCH
17.1.43, 45 Sonderbehandlung.

Bisher 853 überprüft und 614 sonderbehandelt . ( . . . remainder corrupt .
. .] Von SD BRAGIN (Bragin was a location behind the eastern front].
There is a report on February 19, 1943 to
HSSuPf Führungsstab Kiew on Operation
HORNUNG, which includes Gesamtergebnis: A) Feindtote
82, B) Verdächtige und Sonderbehandelte 1124, C)
Arbeitskräfte, Reich 70, D) Vernichtete 36 Bandenlager, darunter 2 Grosslager aus über

100 kleineren Lagern mit
Kampfständen und Bunkern.

March 23, 1943 References to Vollstreckung von
Todesurteilen gegen Iwan Malomanow, etc, angeordnet von S.S
Obergruppenführer Prützmann.

MI14(d)/0/161 a ‘most secret source’ reports on June 3, 1943
on a disappointing lack of chaos caused by the attacks on
German dams in early hours of May 17, 1943 . The
Germans, it seemed, had moved with usual efficiency to repair the damage. By 0950 operational police HQ Möhne had been set up. Nothing in the intercepts indicated any public disturbance or rioting had resulted, units were withdrawing

on May 21, the few Ruhr bridges which had been closed were reopened to traffic on May 23 and 24. ‘It is perhaps also of interest to note that up to and including 23
May no message about the dams was reported by the ordinary most secret police source, although most air raids have been reflected in requests from German policemen on active service to come home on compassionate leave or, if at home, to have leave extended.’ (PRO file, ‘German police reports, unnumbered,’ file HW16/9).

Hut 3 sent to CSS personal, etc, Inglis, et al in Whitehall,
Apr 19, 1945 , intercept CX/MSS/C.476 (marked and sidelined in green ink:
‘Boniface’) a signal from
SS WVHA, Amtsgruppe D, Oranienburg, signed
Glücks, SS Gruf und GenLtn d Waffen SS
Funkspruch dated April 16, 1945, to
HSSuPf Main, SS OGruf und Gen d Pol Dr (Benno] Martin:

‘Subject: Flossenbürg concentration camp.
Flossenbürg has fallen into the enemy’s hands. In
other cases the enemy has turned part of the prisoners
(many of them armed) loose on the civilian
population.
‘Please take the necessary measures from your end and on
your responsibility. The Jewish prisoners must at all
costs be transferred to Concentration Camp Dachau.’

(Glücks to Martin, Apr 16; intercept CX/MSS/C.476
sent by Hut 3 to CSS, Inglis, et al., Apr 19, 1945 (PRO file
HW.1/3713).]
General Gustave Bertrand’s 1973 book Enigma
also mentions on pages 117 – 8 the SS messages dealing with the executions of Jews. Cooper thinks they were sent in
Enigma ORANGE – a steckered Enigma key, but one often broken by hand methods in Hut Six at this time. ‘See History of Hut ix, vol. ii, page 2.’

Miscellaneous. In the Public Record Office War Office Intelligence files there are also interrogations referring to Auschwitz in file
WO.208/4296.
Interrogations of

• a Polish timber merchant, born 28.2.12, at Birkenau
  1.8.43-30.1.44: routine references to gas chambers but
  not himself a witness.
• Polish bricklayer, born 20.1.23, at Auschwitz,
  references to gassings, not a witness
• French student, born 15.1.19, at Auschwitz 4.44 –
  27.1.45;

and other such items, all very indeterminate about actual goings-on (as only hearsay).

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